الأحد، 12 يونيو 2011

Thoracic Outlet Syndrome


Overview, Causes, & Risk Factors

Thoracic outlet syndrome includes those disorders that result in compression of nerves or blood vessels supplying the arms.
What is going on in the body?
The thoracic outlet is the area of the body between the collarbone and the rib cage. Veins, nerves, and arteries come through this opening. When the blood vessels or nerves are compressed or squeezed, the pressure causes the symptoms of thoracic outlet syndrome.
What are the causes and risks of the disease?
Causes of thoracic outlet may include:
  • injury to the area of the collarbone or upper ribs

  • spinal problems, such as a herniated disk that may compress the nerves

  • bony protrusions on the spinal column near the thoracic outlet

  • an extra rib or other abnormality present at birth

  • pregnancy

  • repetitive stress injury from activities that may compress the nerves, arteries, or veins


    • Sometimes a cause cannot be identified.

    Symptoms & Signs

    What are the signs and symptoms of the disease?
    Symptoms of thoracic outlet syndrome include:
  • shoulder pain that increases in certain positions

  • arm pain

  • hand pain, especially in the ring finger and little finger

  • weakness, numbness, or coldness in the arm

  • vein distention in the hands

  • decreased movement of the shoulder and arm

  • limpness in the arm and shoulder

  • tingling of arms, hands, shoulders, or neck

  • swelling of fingers and hands

  • dizziness

  • funny feeling in face

  • headaches

  • Raynaud's phenomenon, a condition causing pain, tingling, and color change in the fingers and toes when exposed to cold

  • damage and death to the tissues

  • low blood pressure

  • absence or decrease of a pulse in the arm

    • Diagnosis & Tests

    How is the disease diagnosed?
    Thoracic outlet syndrome can sometimes be diagnosed by a history and physical exam. In many cases, however, the symptoms are vague and difficult to track down. A chest x-ray may show an extra rib. A nerve conduction velocity test can measure abnormal nerve transmission in the arm. Doppler studies may also be done to check the blood flow through the outlet. Other special tests may be done to check whether the blood vessels beside the nerve are being pinched. Many times all of these tests are negative. In these cases, the history and physical exam is used to make the diagnosis.
    Other tests may be ordered to rule out problems such as neck injuries. This may include x-rays or an MRI scan of the neck.

    Prevention & Expectations

    What can be done to prevent the disease?
    Although thoracic outlet syndrome cannot always be prevented, the following measures may help:
  • good posture

  • strengthening exercises for the muscles in and near the thoracic outlet

  • proper technique for repetitive heavy lifting


    • What are the long-term effects of the disease?
    If physical therapy, exercises, and good posture reduce the symptoms, then the outlook is good. If symptoms do not go away, then surgery may be needed.
    What are the risks to others?
    Thoracic outlet syndrome is not contagious and poses no risk to others.

    Treatment & Monitoring

    What are the treatments for the disease?
    Treatment of thoracic outlet syndrome focuses on relief of the symptoms caused by compression of the nerves and blood vessels. A person may need physical therapy as well as exercises to strengthen the muscles of the shoulder, neck, and upper arm. Practicing good posture and good work habits may also reduce symptoms. This includes learning the proper way to sit, type, and talk on the phone.
    Over-the-counter anti-inflammatory medication or prescription pain medication may also be needed. Surgery may be needed to remove the first rib or restructure the muscles of the thoracic outlet.
    What are the side effects of the treatments?
    Side effects will depend on the treatment used. Medications can cause stomach upset, rash, or an allergic reaction. Side effects to surgery include a risk of bleeding, infection, or allergic reaction to anesthesia.
    What happens after treatment for the disease?
    A person may have to continue exercises as long as he or she has symptoms. If a person has surgery, then physical therapy may be needed to strengthen the muscles of the shoulder and arm. A person may be limited on range of motion, heavy lifting, and strenuous exercise while recovering from surgery.
    How is the disease monitored?
    A person can monitor symptoms based on the intensity of pain, weakness, and ability to move the arm and shoulder. Any new or worsening symptoms should be reported to the healthcare provider.

    Attribution

    Author:Eileen McLaughlin, RN, BSN
    Date Written:
    Editor:Smith, Mary Ellen, BS
    Edit Date:09/16/00
    Reviewer:Gail Hendrickson, RN, BS
    Date Reviewed:07/03/01
    Sources
    www.ninds.nih/health_and medical/disorders/thoracic_doc.htm
    Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, Fauci ET al, 1998
    The Merck Manual of Medical Information, 1997
    Tierney, Lawrence, editor, "Current Medical Diagnosis and Treatment, 39th edition", 2000
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